En los sistemas eléctricos de potencia, la carga es uno de los elementos matemáticamente más difíciles de representar debido a su compleja composición y su comportamiento dinámico y no determinístico. Actualmente, se han desarrollado modelos estáticos y dinámicos de carga para diversos estudios, tales como estabilidad de tensión y estabilidad transitoria, entre otros. Sin embargo, en el campo de la calidad de la energía no se han tenido en cuenta los modelos dinámicos en la localización de fallas. Este artículo presenta una técnica de localización de fallas basada en componentes de secuencia, que considera modelos estáticos de impedancia constante, corriente constante y potencia constante. Además, se considera un modelo dinámico de recuperación exponencial, tanto en el localizador como en el sistema de pruebas. Este modelo se incluye para considerar la naturaleza dinámica de la carga y el desempeño de los localizadores ante esta situación. Para demostrar el desempeño adecuado del localizador de fallas, se realizaron pruebas en el sistema IEEE de 34 nodos. De acuerdo con los resultados, cuando se considera el modelo dinámico tanto en el localizador como en el sistema, el desempeño está en un rango aceptable.

In the electrical power systems, load is one of the most difficult elements to be represented by an adequate mathematical model due to its complex composition and dynamic and non-deterministic behavior. Nowadays, static and dynamic load models have been developed for several studies such as voltage and transient stability, among others. However, on the issue of power quality, dynamic load models have not been taken into account in fault location. This paper presents a fault location technique based on sequence components, which considers static load models of constant impedance, constant current and constant power. Additionally, an exponential recovery dynamic load model, which is included in both the fault locator and the test system, is considered. This last model is included in order to consider the dynamic nature of the load and the performance of the fault locators under this situation. To demonstrate the adequate performance of the fault locator, tests on the IEEE 34 nodes test feeder are presented. According to the results, when the dynamic load model is considered in both the locator and the power system, performance is in an acceptable range.

We investigated the association between pulse wave velocity (PWV) and HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment-related characteristics, viral load, immune status, and metabolic changes in a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of HIV/AIDS patients who have been followed for metabolic and cardiovascular changes since 2007. The study included patients recruited from the cohort (N = 261) and a comparison group (N = 82) of uninfected individuals, all enrolled from April to November 2009. Aortic stiffness was estimated using the carotid-femoral PWV (Complior-Artech, Paris, France). The groups were similar with respect to age, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, Framingham score, and use of antihypertensive and hypolipidemic medications. Hypertension was more frequent among the controls. Individuals with HIV had higher triglyceride, glucose and HDL cholesterol levels. Among individuals with HIV/AIDS, those with a nadir CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/mm³ had a higher PWV (P = 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference when subjects were stratified by gender. Heart rate, age, male gender, and blood pressure were independently correlated with PWV. Nadir CD4+ T-cell count did not remain in the final model. There was no significance difference in PWV between HIV-infected individuals and uninfected controls. PWV was correlated with age, gender, and blood pressure across the entire population and among those infected with HIV. We recommend cohort studies to further explore the association between inflammation related to HIV infection and/or immune reconstitution and antiretroviral use and PWV.